There may be divergence in the brain sizes of migratory versus resident birds. Of course, brain sizes are relative to body size. The data for this homework come from: Daniel Sol, Núria Garcia, Andrew Iwaniuk, Katie Davis, Andrew Meade, W. Alice Boyle, and Tamás Székely. 2010. Evolutionary Divergence in Brain Size between Migratory and Resident Birds. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9617 and are given far below. I believe that mass is recorded in grams in this paper. The analysis I am walking you through below ignores the fact that these data may well not be independent points but are instead related through a phylogeny. Whether and how phylogeny should be incorporated into this analysis is a more complex issue than the scope of this course allows.
plot(x, y, type="p")
plot(log(Body_Mass), log(Brain_Mass), type="p", col=migration)
In Minitab, be sure to indicate that migration is a factor, not a continuous predictor.
In R, this is done as follows:
summary(lm(log(Brain_Mass)~ log(Body_Mass) + as.factor(migration))
Family Species migration Body_Mass Brain_Mass Source Aegithalidae Aegithalos_caudatus 1 8.20 0.50 Published Aegithalidae Aegithalos_concinnus 0 6.10 0.38 Published Aegithalidae Psaltriparus_minimus 1 5.30 0.36 Endocast Alaudidae Eremophila_bilopha 0 23.55 0.85 Endocast Alaudidae Galerida_cristata 0 42.13 1.08 Published Alaudidae Mirafra_javanica 1 23.00 0.76 Published Bombycillidae Dulus_dominicus 0 47.60 1.32 Endocast Certhiidae Auriparus_flaviceps 0 6.60 0.46 Endocast Certhiidae Campylorhynchus_bruneicapillus 0 38.90 1.39 Endocast Certhiidae Certhia_familiaris 0 8.42 0.55 Endocast Certhiidae Cyphorhinus_aradus 0 18.70 0.94 Endocast Certhiidae Donacobius_atricapillus 0 34.80 1.19 Published Certhiidae Henicorhina_leucosticta 0 13.90 0.81 Endocast Certhiidae Polioptila_dumicola 0 7.60 0.43 Published Certhiidae Ramphocaenus_melanurus 0 9.80 0.53 Published Certhiidae Thryomanes_bewickii 1 9.80 0.54 Endocast Certhiidae Thryothurus_ludovicianus 0 18.70 0.88 Endocast Cinclidae Cinclus_mexicanus 0 57.80 1.45 Published Cisticolidae Cisticola_cherinus 0 10.00 0.45 Published Cisticolidae Cisticola_fulvicapilla 0 10.30 0.53 Endocast Cisticolidae PriniaSchistolais_leucopogon 0 13.80 0.61 Published Climacteridae Climacteris_picumnus 0 30.30 1.04 Endocast Climacteridae Climacteris_rufa 0 33.30 1.07 Endocast Climacteridae Cormobates_leucophaeus 0 22.40 0.84 Endocast Conopophagidae Conopophaga_lineata 0 21.80 0.73 Endocast Corvidae Aegithina_tiphia 0 12.30 0.69 Endocast Corvidae Aphelocoma_caerulescens 0 76.00 2.95 Endocast Corvidae Aphelocoma_ultramarina 0 128.40 3.74 Published Corvidae Artamus_cinereus 0 38.00 0.95 Endocast Corvidae Artamus_cyanopterus 0 35.50 1.04 Endocast Corvidae Artamus_leucorhynchus 1 45.60 1.12 Endocast Corvidae Artamus_superciliosus 1 39.20 1.08 Endocast Corvidae Batis_capensis 1 12.80 0.70 Endocast Corvidae Bias_musicus 1 21.70 0.87 Published Corvidae Campephaga_phoenicea 0 28.50 1.09 Endocast Corvidae Cicinnurus_regius 0 52.00 1.80 Endocast Corvidae Cinclosoma_cinnamomeum 0 58.60 1.52 Published Corvidae Cissa_chinensis 0 106.50 4.33 Published Corvidae Colluricincla_harmonica 0 63.30 2.07 Endocast Corvidae Coracina_caledonica 0 145.30 3.10 Published Corvidae Coracina_novaehollandiae 1 127.70 2.49 Endocast Corvidae Corcorax_melanorhamphus 1 349.10 5.39 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_albicollis 0 900.00 12.00 Published Corvidae Corvus_albus 0 584.10 9.07 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_brachyrhynchos 4 438.50 7.43 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_corax 0 1405.00 15.31 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_corone 4 523.95 7.36 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_coronoides 0 675.00 10.18 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_cryptoleucos 2 534.00 9.27 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_frugilegus 3 509.30 8.13 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_mellori 0 300.00 8.81 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_monedula 2 211.29 4.69 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_orru 0 522.20 9.23 Endocast Corvidae Corvus_ossifragus 0 285.00 6.21 Endocast Corvidae Cracticus_torquatus 0 104.10 2.88 Published Corvidae Cyanocitta_cristata 3 89.10 3.03 Endocast Corvidae Cyanocitta_stelleri 0 128.00 3.67 Endocast Corvidae Cyanocorax_chrysops 0 157.00 4.30 Published Corvidae Cyanocorax_yncas 0 78.50 2.40 Published Corvidae Cyanopica_cyana 0 72.00 3.00 Published Corvidae Dendrocitta_vagabunda 0 100.00 2.80 Published Corvidae Dryoscopus_cubla 0 26.40 1.17 Endocast Corvidae Falculuncus_frontatus 1 26.10 1.28 Endocast Corvidae Garrulus_glandarius 0 168.89 4.15 Published Corvidae Grallina_cyanoleuca 0 89.00 1.74 Endocast Corvidae Gymnorhina_tibicen 0 314.00 4.82 Endocast Corvidae Gymnorhinus_cyanocephalus 1 103.00 3.64 Endocast Corvidae Hypothymis_azurea 0 10.20 0.54 Endocast Corvidae Lalage_sueurii 0 18.90 0.90 Published Corvidae Laniarius_erythrogaster 0 45.80 1.62 Published Corvidae Lophorina_superba 0 78.00 2.69 Published Corvidae Monarcha_guttula 0 15.50 0.70 Endocast Corvidae Monarcha_melanopsis 1 20.20 0.95 Endocast Corvidae Monarcha_trivirgatus 1 13.50 0.65 Endocast Corvidae Myiagra_alecto 0 24.00 0.76 Endocast Corvidae Myiagra_caledonica 0 11.00 0.61 Endocast Corvidae Myiagra_inquieta 1 14.30 0.79 Endocast Corvidae Nucifraga_caryocatactes 0 189.47 5.71 Published Corvidae Oreoica_gutturalis 0 62.00 1.73 Endocast Corvidae Oriolus_oriolus 4 71.90 1.50 Published Corvidae Parotia_lawesii 0 156.50 4.15 Endocast Corvidae Pericrocotus_ethologus 1 18.00 0.91 Endocast Corvidae Perisoreus_canadensis 0 69.00 2.62 Endocast Corvidae Pica_pica 0 206.13 5.34 Endocast Corvidae Pitohui_ferrugineus 0 94.00 2.57 Published Corvidae Platysteira_cyanea 0 11.84 0.60 Published Corvidae Podoce_hendersoni 0 149.00 3.40 Published Corvidae Prionops_plumatus 1 35.50 1.20 Endocast Corvidae Psilorhinus_morio 0 204.00 4.97 Published Corvidae Psophodes_occidentalis 0 42.00 1.38 Published Corvidae Ptiloris_paradiseus 0 125.50 2.88 Endocast Corvidae Ptiloris_victoriae 0 92.00 2.63 Endocast Corvidae Pyrrhocorax_graculus 1 223.50 3.20 Published Corvidae Pyrrhocorax_pyrrhocorax 1 324.00 6.61 Published Corvidae Rhipidura_leucophrys 1 27.70 0.60 Published Corvidae Rhipidura_rufifrons 1 10.20 0.37 Endocast Corvidae Sphecotheres_viridis 1 132.40 2.32 Endocast Corvidae Strepera_fuliginosa 0 300.00 5.91 Endocast Corvidae Struthidea_cinerea 1 134.30 3.09 Endocast Corvidae Tchagra_australis 0 36.30 1.27 Published Corvidae Telophorus_zeylonus 0 62.70 1.98 Endocast Corvidae Tephrodornis_pondicerianus 0 19.50 0.92 Published Corvidae Urocissa_erythrorhyncha 1 214.00 3.80 Published Eurylaimidae Smithornis_capensis 0 25.50 0.81 Published Formicariidae Chamaeza_campanisona 0 97.20 1.90 Published Formicariidae Formicarius_analis 0 54.20 1.35 Endocast Formicariidae Formicarius_colma 0 45.30 1.12 Endocast Formicariidae Grallaria_quitensis 0 79.50 2.12 Endocast Fringillidae Agelaius_phoeniceus 3 65.50 1.75 Endocast Fringillidae Agelaius_ruficapillus 1 36.75 0.81 Published Fringillidae Aimophila_cassinii 2 18.10 0.81 Endocast Fringillidae Amblycercus_holosericeus 0 66.90 2.29 Endocast Fringillidae Amblyramphus_holosericeus 0 69.00 2.41 Endocast Fringillidae Ammodramus_savannarum 4 17.00 0.67 Published Fringillidae Amphispiza_bilineata 3 13.80 0.70 Endocast Fringillidae Anisognathus_somptuosus 0 42.00 1.54 Published Fringillidae Arremonops_conirostris 0 37.30 1.34 Published Fringillidae Basileuterus_culicivorus 0 8.90 0.60 Endocast Fringillidae Basileuterus_fulvicauda 0 14.90 0.58 Published Fringillidae BuarremonAtlapetes_brunneinucha 0 46.60 1.60 Endocast Fringillidae Cacicus_cela 0 91.50 2.52 Published Fringillidae Calamospiza_melanocorys 4 37.80 1.22 Endocast Fringillidae Calcarius_lapponicus 4 27.50 0.90 Endocast Fringillidae Cardellina_rubrifrons 0 9.80 0.45 Endocast Fringillidae Cardinalis_cardinalis 0 44.10 1.57 Published Fringillidae Carduelis_ambigua 1 14.10 0.66 Published Fringillidae Carduelis_cannabina 3 18.78 0.67 Published Fringillidae Carduelis_carduelis 3 15.00 0.59 Endocast Fringillidae Carduelis_chloris 2 26.50 0.89 Published Fringillidae Carduelis_flammea 3 12.13 0.60 Endocast Fringillidae Carduelis_pinus 2 14.60 0.59 Endocast Fringillidae Carduelis_spinus 2 12.08 0.56 Published Fringillidae Carduelis_tristis 3 12.90 0.56 Published Fringillidae Carpodacus_mexicanus 0 20.40 0.81 Endocast Fringillidae Carpodacus_purpureus 2 25.60 0.93 Endocast Fringillidae Carpodacus_roseus 4 21.15 1.01 Published Fringillidae Caryothraustes_poliogaster 0 37.50 1.48 Published Fringillidae Chlorophonia_cyanea 0 14.00 0.63 Published Fringillidae Chlorospingus_ophthalmicus 0 19.00 1.02 Endocast Fringillidae Chlorothraupis_carmioli 0 39.00 1.35 Published Fringillidae Cissopis_leveriana 0 76.00 1.77 Published Fringillidae Coccothraustes_coccothraustes 0 54.00 1.63 Published Fringillidae Coereba_flaveola 0 8.50 0.46 Endocast Fringillidae Coryphospingus_cucullatus 0 14.60 0.69 Endocast Fringillidae Curaeus_curaeus 0 90.00 2.56 Published Fringillidae Cyanerpes_cyaneus 0 14.00 0.57 Endocast Fringillidae Dacnis_cayana 0 13.00 0.57 Published Fringillidae Dendroica_caerulescens 4 9.40 0.45 Endocast Fringillidae Dendroica_castanea 4 12.00 0.41 Published Fringillidae Dendroica_magnolia 4 8.70 0.38 Published Fringillidae Dendroica_pensylvanica 4 9.40 0.39 Published Fringillidae Dendroica_petechia 4 9.80 0.54 Endocast Fringillidae Dives_dives 0 96.20 2.28 Published Fringillidae Dolichonyx_oryzivorus 4 38.70 1.11 Published Fringillidae Emberiza_cirlus 1 23.10 0.79 Published Fringillidae Emberiza_citrinella 3 28.58 0.82 Published Fringillidae Emberiza_elegans 3 20.50 0.64 Published Fringillidae Emberiza_rutilla 4 17.18 0.59 Published Fringillidae Emberiza_schoeniclus 4 20.57 0.68 Published Fringillidae Emberiza_spodocephala 4 18.00 0.96 Published Fringillidae Euneornis_campestris 0 16.20 0.73 Endocast Fringillidae Euphagus_carolinus 4 55.70 1.56 Endocast Fringillidae Euphagus_cyanocephalus 3 68.50 1.49 Endocast Fringillidae Euphonia_jamaica 0 16.10 0.67 Published Fringillidae Fringilla_coelebs 4 24.26 0.77 Endocast Fringillidae Fringilla_montifringilla 3 24.94 0.78 Published Fringillidae Gnorimopsar_chopi 1 79.50 1.86 Published Fringillidae Gymnostinops_montezuma 0 376.50 6.10 Endocast Fringillidae Habia_fuscicauda 1 39.70 1.39 Published Fringillidae Helmitheros_vermivorus 4 14.20 0.61 Endocast Fringillidae Hemithraupis_guira 0 12.00 0.59 Published Fringillidae Himatione_sanguinea 0 14.80 0.69 Published Fringillidae Icteria_virens 4 24.90 0.94 Published Fringillidae Icterus_galbula 4 33.30 1.17 Endocast Fringillidae Icterus_spurius 4 20.40 0.89 Endocast Fringillidae Junco_hyemalis 4 19.00 0.86 Endocast Fringillidae Leucosticte_arctoa 0 25.60 1.36 Published Fringillidae Limnothlypis_swainsonii 3 14.00 0.69 Endocast Fringillidae Loxia_curvirostra 0 34.30 1.47 Endocast Fringillidae Loxia_leucoptera 0 31.80 1.43 Endocast Fringillidae Loxigilla_violacea 0 28.00 1.20 Endocast Fringillidae Loxipasser_anoxanthus 0 11.30 0.59 Endocast Fringillidae Melopyrrha_nigra 0 10.90 0.87 Endocast Fringillidae Melospiza_georgiana 4 17.60 0.84 Published Fringillidae Melospiza_melodia 4 20.50 0.96 Published Fringillidae Mitrospingus_cassinii 0 40.40 1.36 Published Fringillidae Mniotilta_varia 4 12.00 0.46 Endocast Fringillidae Molothrus_ater 3 41.70 1.19 Endocast Fringillidae Molothrus_badius 0 44.50 1.53 Endocast Fringillidae Myioborus_pictus 0 9.80 0.40 Endocast Fringillidae Nesospingus_speculiferus 0 36.20 1.48 Endocast Fringillidae Paroaria_coronata 0 43.00 1.27 Published Fringillidae Passerculus_sandwichensis 4 20.10 0.70 Published Fringillidae Passerina_cyanea 4 12.20 0.67 Endocast Fringillidae Phaenocophilus_palmarum 0 29.20 1.17 Endocast Fringillidae Pheucticus_ludovicianus 4 45.60 1.37 Endocast Fringillidae Pinicola_enucleator 0 65.70 1.64 Endocast Fringillidae Pipilo_erythrophthalmus 2 39.20 1.41 Endocast Fringillidae Protonotaria_citrea 4 15.50 0.61 Published Fringillidae Pseudoleistes_virescens 0 70.40 2.08 Endocast Fringillidae Pyrrhula_Pyrrhula 2 21.80 0.97 Published Fringillidae Quiscalus_major 0 158.80 2.88 Endocast Fringillidae Quiscalus_mexicanus 0 168.70 3.07 Endocast Fringillidae Quiscalus_quiscula 4 110.20 2.68 Endocast Fringillidae Rhodinocichla_rosea 0 46.70 1.40 Published Fringillidae Rhodospingus_cruentus 0 10.80 0.54 Published Fringillidae Saltator_maximus 0 46.60 1.44 Endocast Fringillidae Scaphidura_oryzivora 0 190.50 3.25 Endocast Fringillidae Schistochlamys_melanopis 0 33.00 1.26 Published Fringillidae Seiurus_aurocapilla 4 22.10 0.73 Endocast Fringillidae Serinus_burtoni 0 29.60 1.21 Published Fringillidae Serinus_canaria 0 8.40 0.45 Published Fringillidae Serinus_flaviventris 0 16.30 0.75 Endocast Fringillidae Serinus_serinus 3 11.20 0.65 Published Fringillidae Setophaga_ruticilla 4 7.80 0.37 Endocast Fringillidae Sicalis_flaveola 0 19.70 0.73 Published Fringillidae Spindalis_zena 0 42.50 1.36 Endocast Fringillidae Spiza_americana 4 27.00 0.94 Endocast Fringillidae Spizella_arborea 4 12.40 0.77 Published Fringillidae Sporophila_americana 0 10.70 0.62 Published Fringillidae Sturnella_magna 3 89.00 2.30 Published Fringillidae Sturnella_neglecta 3 103.50 2.01 Endocast Fringillidae Tachyphonus_delattrii 0 16.80 0.77 Published Fringillidae Tangara_cyanicollis 0 17.00 0.66 Published Fringillidae Tangara_icterocephala 0 15.00 0.59 Published Fringillidae Thraupis_episcopus 0 31.10 1.15 Endocast Fringillidae Tiaris_olivacea 0 8.50 0.50 Endocast Fringillidae Vermivora_peregrina 4 9.50 0.45 Endocast Fringillidae Vermivora_pinus 4 8.40 0.42 Published Fringillidae Volatinia_jacarina 1 12.50 0.51 Endocast Fringillidae Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus 4 76.60 1.71 Endocast Fringillidae Zonotrichia_albicollis 4 27.40 1.09 Endocast Fringillidae Zonotrichia_capensis 1 20.30 0.80 Published Fringillidae Zonotrichia_leucophrys 2 26.40 1.00 Endocast Furnariidae Anumbius_annumbi 0 41.50 1.22 Endocast Furnariidae Aphrastura_spinicauda 0 11.50 0.84 Endocast Furnariidae Automolus_infuscatus 0 33.10 1.17 Endocast Furnariidae Automolus_ochrolaemus 0 40.20 1.18 Endocast Furnariidae Campylorhamphus_pusillus 1 43.30 1.39 Endocast Furnariidae Certhiaxis_cinnamomea 0 14.80 0.71 Endocast Furnariidae Cinclodes_fuscus 1 30.45 0.93 Endocast Furnariidae Cinclodes_patagonicus 1 53.20 1.28 Endocast Furnariidae Coryphistera_alaudina 0 34.30 0.97 Endocast Furnariidae Dendrocincla_fuliginosa 1 39.40 1.10 Endocast Furnariidae Dendrocolaptes_certhia 0 66.70 1.80 Endocast Furnariidae Furnarius_rufus 0 63.70 1.35 Endocast Furnariidae Glyphorhynchus_spirurus 1 14.80 0.64 Endocast Furnariidae Lepidocolaptes_affinis 1 29.00 1.17 Published Furnariidae Lepidocolaptes_souleyetii 0 25.70 1.08 Published Furnariidae Phacellodomus_ruber 0 39.30 1.15 Endocast Furnariidae Phleocryptes_melanops 1 14.20 0.71 Endocast Furnariidae Sclerurus_mexicanus 0 21.10 0.82 Endocast Furnariidae Sittasomus_griseicapillus 0 14.00 0.57 Endocast Furnariidae Xenops_minutus 0 11.70 0.51 Endocast Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus_guttatus 0 46.40 1.55 Endocast Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus_picus 0 34.60 1.35 Endocast Hirundinidae Delichon_urbica 4 14.50 0.50 Published Hirundinidae Hirundo_rustica 4 17.54 0.58 Endocast Hirundinidae Notiochelidon_cyanoleuca 4 9.70 0.45 Published Hirundinidae Progne_subis 4 50.70 1.07 Endocast Hirundinidae Riparia_riparia 4 13.80 0.42 Endocast Hirundinidae Stelgidopteryx_ruficollis 3 15.20 0.55 Published Hirundinidae Tachycineta_bicolor 4 20.10 0.57 Endocast Hirundinidae Tachycineta_thalassina 4 15.10 0.48 Endocast Irenidae Chloropsis_hardwickii 1 23.75 0.76 Published Irenidae Chloropsis_palawanensis 0 30.50 1.09 Published Irenidae Irena_puella 0 58.37 1.12 Endocast Laniidae Lanius_collaris 0 35.85 1.11 Published Laniidae Lanius_collurio 4 29.90 0.99 Endocast Laniidae Lanius_excubitor 3 59.63 1.48 Published Laniidae Lanius_ludovicianus 4 47.40 1.59 Endocast Laniidae Lanius_senator 4 27.80 1.11 Endocast Maluridae Amytornis_goyderi 0 16.70 0.81 Published Maluridae Malurus_cyaneus 0 8.30 0.49 Endocast Maluridae Malurus_elegans 0 10.10 0.59 Endocast Maluridae Malurus_lamberti 0 9.20 0.48 Endocast Maluridae Malurus_leucopterus 0 8.00 0.40 Endocast Maluridae Malurus_melanocephalus 0 7.00 0.47 Endocast Maluridae Malurus_pulcherrimus 0 9.80 0.44 Endocast Maluridae Malurus_splendens 0 11.40 0.47 Endocast Melanocharitidae Toxorhamphus_iliolophum 0 12.90 0.50 Published Melanocharitidae Toxorhamphus_poliopterus 0 11.40 0.45 Endocast Meliphagidae Acanthagenys_rufogularis 0 50.20 1.20 Published Meliphagidae Acanthorynchus_tenuirostris 1 11.20 0.50 Endocast Meliphagidae Anthochaera_carunculata 1 108.50 2.28 Endocast Meliphagidae Anthochaera_chrysoptera 1 66.30 1.76 Endocast Meliphagidae Ashbyia_lovensis 0 17.50 0.69 Published Meliphagidae Conopophila_rufogularis 1 10.80 0.46 Published Meliphagidae Entomyzon_cyanotis 1 106.50 2.31 Endocast Meliphagidae Epthianura_aurifrons 1 10.30 0.45 Endocast Meliphagidae Epthianura_tricolor 1 10.70 0.46 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_chrysops 1 17.50 0.75 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_flavescens 1 12.60 0.54 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_flavus 0 21.10 0.74 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_keartlandi 1 15.30 0.71 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_leucotis 1 22.10 0.92 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_melanops 1 19.80 0.95 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_ornatus 1 19.80 0.78 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_penicillatus 1 19.20 0.86 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichenostomus_virescens 1 33.30 0.95 Endocast Meliphagidae Lichmera_indistincta 1 11.40 0.53 Endocast Meliphagidae Manorina_flavigula 0 59.80 1.42 Endocast Meliphagidae Manorina_melanocephala 0 60.90 1.93 Endocast Meliphagidae Manorina_melanophrys 0 25.50 1.18 Endocast Meliphagidae Meliphaga_lewinii 1 36.20 1.21 Endocast Meliphagidae Meliphaga_notata 1 26.40 0.90 Endocast Meliphagidae Melithreptus_albogularis 1 11.10 0.65 Endocast Meliphagidae Melithreptus_brevirostris 1 14.30 0.70 Endocast Meliphagidae Melithreptus_lunatus 1 14.10 0.62 Endocast Meliphagidae Myzomela_obscura 1 11.90 0.53 Endocast Meliphagidae Myzomela_sanguinolenta 1 7.80 0.35 Endocast Meliphagidae Philemon_buceroides 1 121.00 2.23 Endocast Meliphagidae Philemon_corniculatus 1 105.80 2.05 Endocast Meliphagidae Phylidonyris_albifrons 1 17.10 0.75 Published Meliphagidae Phylidonyris_melanops 1 18.30 0.64 Published Meliphagidae Phylidonyris_novaehollandiae 1 19.40 0.93 Published Meliphagidae Ramsayornis_modestus 0 10.60 0.53 Endocast Meliphagidae Xanthotis_flaviventer 1 33.60 1.09 Endocast Menuridae Menura_novaehollandiae 0 644.40 11.11 Endocast Muscicapidae Alethe_diademata 0 33.60 1.08 Published Muscicapidae Brachypteryx_montana 1 18.00 0.86 Endocast Muscicapidae Catharus_fuscescens 4 41.50 0.95 Endocast Muscicapidae Catharus_minimus 4 32.80 0.80 Published Muscicapidae Catharus_ustulatus 4 30.80 0.82 Published Muscicapidae Cercotrichas_coryphaeus 0 23.10 0.75 Endocast Muscicapidae Cichlerminia_lherminieri 0 100.00 2.28 Endocast Muscicapidae Copsychus_malabaricus 0 30.00 0.90 Published Muscicapidae Copsychus_sauIaris 0 33.20 1.14 Published Muscicapidae Cossypha_caffra 1 28.50 1.06 Endocast Muscicapidae Culicicapa_helianthea 0 7.50 0.32 Endocast Muscicapidae Enicurus_scouleri 1 14.00 0.79 Endocast Muscicapidae Erithacus_rubecula 1 16.75 0.66 Published Muscicapidae Hylocichla_mustelinus 4 47.40 1.30 Endocast Muscicapidae Monticola_saxatilis 4 48.50 1.34 Published Muscicapidae Myadestes_genibarbis 1 27.10 0.95 Endocast Muscicapidae Myadestes_townsendi 4 32.50 1.05 Endocast Muscicapidae Phoenicurus_ochruros 1 16.50 0.70 Endocast Muscicapidae Rhinomyias_gularis 0 18.00 1.09 Published Muscicapidae Saxicola_torquata 1 15.30 0.63 Endocast Muscicapidae Sialia_mexicana 1 26.40 0.87 Endocast Muscicapidae Sigelus_silens 0 28.30 1.04 Published Muscicapidae Turdus_merula 3 98.17 1.92 Endocast Muscicapidae Turdus_migratorius 4 80.20 1.70 Endocast Muscicapidae Turdus_philomelos 4 69.64 1.59 Endocast Muscicapidae Zoothera_lunulata 0 104.00 2.24 Endocast Nectariniidae Aethopyga_nipalensis 1 6.00 0.34 Published Nectariniidae Anthreptes_malacensis 0 11.90 0.60 Endocast Nectariniidae Arachnothera_longirostra 1 11.70 0.54 Endocast Nectariniidae Dicaeum_aeruginosum 1 11.80 0.52 Published Nectariniidae Dicaeum_hirundinaceum 1 8.00 0.38 Endocast Nectariniidae Nectarinia_jugularis 1 8.70 0.41 Endocast Nectariniidae Nectarinia_verticalis 0 14.00 0.52 Published Nectariniidae Prionochilus_plateri 0 7.90 0.41 Endocast Orthonychidae Orthonyx_temminckii 0 62.30 1.82 Endocast Pardalotidae Acanthiza_chrysorrhoa 1 10.00 0.45 Endocast Pardalotidae Acanthiza_lineata 0 6.40 0.53 Endocast Pardalotidae Acanthiza_pusilla 1 6.00 0.47 Endocast Pardalotidae Acanthiza_reguloides 0 7.50 0.40 Endocast Pardalotidae Acanthiza_uropygialis 0 6.50 0.37 Endocast Pardalotidae Aphelocephala_leucopsis 0 12.90 0.56 Endocast Pardalotidae Dasyornis_broadbenti 0 83.30 1.95 Endocast Pardalotidae Pardalotus_punctatus 1 9.20 0.41 Endocast Pardalotidae Pardalotus_striatus 1 11.60 0.54 Endocast Pardalotidae Sericornis_citreogularis 0 16.60 0.82 Endocast Pardalotidae Sericornis_magnirostris 0 8.50 0.62 Endocast Paridae Baeolophus_bicolor 0 21.60 1.05 Endocast Paridae Parus_ater 1 8.00 0.51 Published Paridae Parus_caeruleus 1 10.79 0.65 Published Paridae Parus_cristatus 0 10.20 0.70 Published Paridae Parus_cyanus 0 9.95 0.66 Published Paridae Parus_major 0 17.02 0.85 Published Paridae Parus_montanus 1 10.20 0.79 Published Paridae Parus_palustris 1 10.60 0.58 Published Paridae Parus_venustulus 0 10.54 0.53 Published Paridae Poecile_atricapillus 0 12.00 0.79 Endocast Paridae Poecile_carolinensis 0 10.20 0.62 Published Paridae Poecile_gambeli 0 11.30 0.78 Endocast Paridae Poecile_hudsonicus 0 11.00 0.74 Endocast Passeridae Amadina_fasciata 0 15.40 0.61 Published Passeridae Amandava_amandava 4 9.60 0.39 Endocast Passeridae Anthus_berthelotii 0 15.99 0.52 Published Passeridae Anthus_campestris 4 23.00 0.48 Published Passeridae Anthus_novaeseelandiae 1 27.90 0.87 Published Passeridae Anthus_pratensis 4 18.40 0.53 Published Passeridae Anthus_trivialis 4 18.40 0.62 Endocast Passeridae Bubalornis_albirostris 0 64.50 2.21 Published Passeridae Chloebia_gouldiae 2 10.00 0.55 Published Passeridae Erythrura_trichroa 1 14.40 0.60 Endocast Passeridae Estrilda_astrild 1 7.50 0.35 Published Passeridae Estrilda_troglodytes 0 6.10 0.36 Published Passeridae Euplectes_orix 1 16.30 0.79 Published Passeridae Foudia_madagascariensis 0 16.00 0.78 Endocast Passeridae Lagonosticta_senegala 1 8.30 0.40 Published Passeridae Lonchura_bicolor 0 9.69 0.44 Published Passeridae Lonchura_cucullata 1 9.20 0.39 Endocast Passeridae Lonchura_flaviprymna 1 11.68 0.43 Published Passeridae Lonchura_malacca 0 12.60 0.62 Endocast Passeridae Lonchura_pallida 0 10.65 0.52 Published Passeridae Lonchura_spectabilis 0 7.90 0.49 Published Passeridae Lonchura_striata 1 12.30 0.48 Published Passeridae Montifringilla_nivalis 1 36.90 1.09 Published Passeridae Motacilla_alba 4 18.96 0.58 Published Passeridae Motacilla_flava 4 14.40 0.57 Published Passeridae Neochmia_phaethon 0 10.00 0.52 Endocast Passeridae Neochmia_temporalis 0 10.90 0.54 Endocast Passeridae Padda_oryzivora 0 24.50 0.88 Endocast Passeridae Passer_domesticus 0 28.49 0.92 Endocast Passeridae Passer_griseus 1 23.90 0.97 Published Passeridae Passer_hispaniolensis 4 27.13 0.93 Endocast Passeridae Passer_montanus 0 21.38 0.79 Published Passeridae Passer_rutilans 1 18.35 0.68 Published Passeridae Plocepasser_mahali 0 43.30 1.27 Published Passeridae Ploceus_cucullatus 0 40.90 1.42 Endocast Passeridae Poephila_acuticauda 0 14.00 0.53 Endocast Passeridae Poephila_cincta 0 16.10 0.49 Published Passeridae Poephila_personata 0 11.80 0.52 Endocast Passeridae Prunella_modularis 1 20.41 0.71 Endocast Passeridae Pyrenestes_sanguineous 0 14.27 0.97 Published Passeridae Pytilia_melba 1 13.50 0.59 Published Passeridae Pytilia_phoenicoptera 2 14.50 0.37 Published Passeridae Spermophaga_haematina 0 16.87 0.91 Published Passeridae Staganopleura_guttata 1 19.00 0.65 Published Passeridae Taeniopygia_bichenovii 1 10.50 0.41 Endocast Passeridae Taeniopygia_guttata 0 12.00 0.46 Endocast Passeridae Uraeginthus_bengalus 1 10.30 0.45 Published Passeridae Vidua_paradisaea 1 22.20 0.66 Endocast Petroicidae Drymodes_brunneopygia 0 38.70 0.98 Endocast Petroicidae Eopsaltria_australis 0 19.60 0.89 Endocast Petroicidae Eopsaltria_griseogularis 0 21.10 0.86 Endocast Petroicidae Melanodryas_cucullata 0 24.30 0.83 Endocast Petroicidae Microeca_fascinans 1 11.40 0.56 Published Petroicidae Microeca_flavigaster 1 12.70 0.53 Endocast Petroicidae Pachycephalopsis_poliosoma 0 38.30 1.10 Endocast Petroicidae Petroica_goodenovii 1 8.70 0.38 Endocast Petroicidae Petroica_multicolor 1 9.60 0.54 Endocast Petroicidae Tragellasia_leucops 0 16.00 0.61 Published Pittidae Pitta_brachyura 4 55.50 1.44 Published Pittidae Pitta_erythrogaster 0 48.35 0.95 Published Pittidae Pitta_guajana 0 69.51 1.42 Published Pittidae Pitta_sordida 4 51.51 1.25 Endocast Pittidae Pitta_versicolor 1 107.70 1.94 Endocast Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus_halli 0 37.50 1.66 Endocast Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus_isidorei 0 64.00 2.26 Endocast Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus_ruficeps 1 56.00 2.43 Published Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus_superciliosus 0 35.00 1.57 Endocast Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus_temporalis 0 75.00 1.97 Published Ptilonorhynchidae Ailuroedus_crassirostris 0 204.00 4.15 Published Ptilonorhynchidae Amblyornis_macgregoriae 0 123.50 3.71 Endocast Ptilonorhynchidae Chlamydera_nuchalis 1 199.50 5.19 Endocast Ptilonorhynchidae Ptilonorhynchus_violaceus 1 217.00 4.89 Endocast Ptilonorhynchidae Sericulus_chrysocephalus 0 100.50 3.46 Endocast Pycnonotidae Alophoixus_pallidus 0 46.00 1.28 Published Pycnonotidae Chlorocichla_flavicollis 0 45.30 1.53 Published Pycnonotidae Nicator_chloris 0 38.20 1.33 Published Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus_barbatus 0 35.90 1.17 Published Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus_jocosus 0 27.40 0.96 Published Regulidae Regulus_regulus 0 5.70 0.38 Published Rhinocryptidae Rhinocrypta_lanceolata 0 63.60 1.45 Published Sittidae Sitta_canadensis 0 10.50 0.59 Endocast Sittidae Sitta_carolinensis 0 17.80 0.89 Endocast Sittidae Sitta_europaea 0 23.03 1.11 Published Sittidae Sitta_pygmaea 0 10.40 0.57 Endocast Sturnidae Acridotheres_tristis 0 115.60 2.57 Endocast Sturnidae Aplonis_metallica 1 61.00 1.64 Published Sturnidae Dumetella_carolinensis 4 37.80 1.18 Endocast Sturnidae Gracula_religiosa 0 192.00 3.81 Published Sturnidae Lamprotornis_purpureus 0 115.50 2.20 Published Sturnidae Lamprotornis_superbus 0 54.15 1.78 Published Sturnidae Margarops_fuscatus 0 109.40 2.43 Endocast Sturnidae Margarops_fuscus 0 70.80 1.60 Endocast Sturnidae Melanoptila_glabirostris 0 35.00 1.24 Endocast Sturnidae Mimus_polyglottos 2 45.20 1.43 Endocast Sturnidae Poeoptera_lugubris 0 38.00 1.03 Published Sturnidae Sarcops_calvus 0 142.00 2.90 Endocast Sturnidae Sturnus_roseus 4 66.50 1.48 Published Sturnidae Sturnus_vulgaris 3 109.40 2.24 Endocast Sturnidae Toxostoma_curvirostre 0 78.40 2.21 Endocast Sylviidae Abroscopus_albogularis 0 5.00 0.33 Endocast Sylviidae Acrocephalus_arundinaceus 4 29.90 0.94 Endocast Sylviidae Acrocephalus_melanopogon 2 11.27 0.41 Published Sylviidae Acrocephalus_orientalis 4 23.98 0.87 Published Sylviidae Acrocephalus_palustris 4 11.70 0.39 Published Sylviidae Acrocephalus_schoenobaenus 4 10.80 0.47 Endocast Sylviidae Acrocephalus_scirpaceus 4 12.30 0.48 Published Sylviidae Chaemaea_fasciata 0 14.70 0.80 Published Sylviidae Cincloramphus_cruralis 1 43.00 1.16 Published Sylviidae Cincloramphus_mathewsi 1 25.00 0.93 Published Sylviidae Garrulax_leucolophus 0 123.50 2.55 Published Sylviidae Heterophasia_melanoleuca 0 32.60 1.20 Published Sylviidae Hippolais_icterina 4 12.74 0.54 Published Sylviidae Illadopsis_fulvescens 0 24.40 1.23 Published Sylviidae Leiothrix_argentauris 0 26.20 0.97 Published Sylviidae Leiothrix_lutea 0 21.80 0.95 Published Sylviidae Locustella_fluviatilis 4 18.80 0.45 Published Sylviidae Locustella_luscinioides 4 15.00 0.57 Published Sylviidae Macronous_gularis 0 13.50 0.67 Endocast Sylviidae Megalurus_palustris 0 33.30 1.18 Endocast Sylviidae Minla_ignotincta 0 14.30 0.74 Endocast Sylviidae Phylloscopus_bonelli 4 7.40 0.35 Endocast Sylviidae Phylloscopus_collybita 4 8.02 0.38 Published Sylviidae Phylloscopus_sibiliatrix 4 7.20 0.37 Endocast Sylviidae Phylloscopus_trochilus 4 9.92 0.31 Published Sylviidae Pomatorhinus_ruficollis 0 31.70 1.59 Published Sylviidae Pteruthius_flaviscapis 0 39.00 1.55 Published Sylviidae Stachyris_whiteheadi 0 19.10 0.85 Endocast Sylviidae Sylvia_atricapilla 3 19.37 0.67 Endocast Sylviidae Sylvia_borin 4 18.22 0.62 Endocast Sylviidae Sylvia_communis 4 14.09 0.56 Published Sylviidae Sylvia_curruca 4 12.82 0.53 Published Sylviidae Sylvia_hortensis 4 22.25 0.79 Published Sylviidae Sylvia_melanocephala 0 10.98 0.53 Published Sylviidae Sylvia_nisoria 4 22.80 0.71 Published Sylviidae Yuhina_diademata 0 12.00 0.80 Published Thamnophilidae Cercomacra_tyrannina 0 16.60 0.77 Published Thamnophilidae Dystithamnus_mentalis 0 11.20 0.73 Endocast Thamnophilidae Formicivora_grisea 0 9.30 0.47 Published Thamnophilidae Gymnocichla_nudiceps 0 32.80 1.10 Published Thamnophilidae Gymnopithys_leucaspis 0 31.10 0.79 Published Thamnophilidae Hylophylax_naevia 0 12.50 0.61 Endocast Thamnophilidae Hylophylax_poecilonota 0 16.60 0.66 Endocast Thamnophilidae Hypocnemis_cantator 0 10.00 0.65 Endocast Thamnophilidae Myrmotherula_axillaris 0 7.40 0.40 Endocast Thamnophilidae Myrmotherula_fulviventris 0 10.20 0.50 Endocast Thamnophilidae Phaenostictus_mcleannani 0 51.10 1.11 Published Thamnophilidae Pithys_albifrons 0 19.70 0.64 Endocast Thamnophilidae Pyriglena_leuconota 0 32.80 0.96 Endocast Thamnophilidae Sakesphorus_luctuosus 0 31.00 1.19 Published Thamnophilidae Taraba_major 0 67.50 1.57 Endocast Thamnophilidae Thamnomanes_caesius 0 14.20 0.63 Endocast Thamnophilidae Thamnophilus_caerulescens 0 20.00 1.02 Endocast Thamnophilidae Thamnophilus_punctatus 0 22.40 0.97 Published Tyrannidae Attila_spadiceus 0 33.20 1.22 Endocast Tyrannidae Camptostoma_obsoletum 0 8.00 0.37 Published Tyrannidae Chiroxiphia_caudata 0 25.60 0.83 Published Tyrannidae Chiroxiphia_linearis 0 18.50 0.70 Endocast Tyrannidae Cnemotriccus_fuscatus 3 13.50 0.48 Published Tyrannidae Colonia_colonus 1 16.80 0.49 Endocast Tyrannidae Contopus_latirostris 0 10.60 0.39 Published Tyrannidae Contopus_virens 4 14.20 0.47 Published Tyrannidae Elaenia_frantzii 2 19.40 0.63 Endocast Tyrannidae Elaenia_martinica 0 18.60 0.67 Endocast Tyrannidae Empidonax_minimus 4 10.50 0.38 Endocast Tyrannidae Empidonax_virescens 4 12.90 0.45 Published Tyrannidae Gymnoderus_foetidus 0 275.00 3.66 Published Tyrannidae Hemitriccus_margaritaceiventer 0 7.70 0.47 Published Tyrannidae Hymenops_perspicillatus 3 23.10 0.79 Endocast Tyrannidae Legatus_leucophaius 4 24.40 0.68 Published Tyrannidae Lessonia_rufa 4 14.48 0.44 Published Tyrannidae Lipaugus_vociferans 1 82.20 1.69 Endocast Tyrannidae Manacus_candei 0 17.60 0.59 Endocast Tyrannidae Manacus_manacus 0 19.00 0.61 Endocast Tyrannidae Manacus_vitellinus 0 18.20 0.64 Endocast Tyrannidae Mecocerculus_leucophrys 1 13.90 0.50 Endocast Tyrannidae Mionectes_oligeneus 1 13.20 0.47 Published Tyrannidae Mitrephanes_phaeocercus 1 8.60 0.33 Endocast Tyrannidae Muscisaxicola_alpina 0 22.80 0.81 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiarchus_cinerascens 4 28.80 0.80 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiarchus_stolidus 0 19.30 0.67 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiarchus_tuberculifer 3 18.70 0.68 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiarchus_tyrannulus 3 35.30 1.02 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiobius_barbatus 1 11.90 0.36 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiodynastes_maculatus 1 45.90 1.17 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiopagis_cotta 0 13.00 0.44 Published Tyrannidae Myiophobus_fasciatus 3 9.90 0.38 Endocast Tyrannidae Myiozetetes_similis 1 27.80 0.85 Endocast Tyrannidae Onychorhynchus_coronatus 1 14.00 0.49 Endocast Tyrannidae Pachyramphus_cinnamomeus 1 20.30 0.91 Published Tyrannidae Pachyramphus_polychopterus 0 20.30 0.77 Endocast Tyrannidae Perissocephalus_tricolor 0 339.50 4.87 Endocast Tyrannidae Phaeomyias_murina 3 10.00 0.38 Published Tyrannidae Phytotoma_rara 1 40.00 1.20 Published Tyrannidae Pipra_erythrocephala 0 13.60 0.51 Endocast Tyrannidae Pipra_fasciicauda 0 14.30 0.64 Endocast Tyrannidae Pipra_mentalis 1 15.20 0.61 Endocast Tyrannidae Pitangus_sulphuratus 3 70.20 1.32 Endocast Tyrannidae Platyrinchus_concrominus 0 9.70 0.51 Endocast Tyrannidae Pseudocolopteryx_flaviventris 2 7.40 0.35 Endocast Tyrannidae Pseudotriccus_pelzelni 0 10.90 0.66 Endocast Tyrannidae Pyrocephalus_rubinus 3 12.70 0.48 Published Tyrannidae Pyroderus_scutatus 0 357.00 4.45 Published Tyrannidae Querula_purpurata 0 101.80 2.21 Endocast Tyrannidae Rupicola_peruviana 0 243.50 3.48 Published Tyrannidae Sayornis_nigricans 2 18.60 0.51 Published Tyrannidae Sayornis_phoebe 4 18.30 0.61 Published Tyrannidae Sayornis_saya 4 21.70 0.63 Endocast Tyrannidae Schiffornis_turdinus 0 30.80 1.11 Endocast Tyrannidae Tityra_cayana 1 73.90 1.67 Published Tyrannidae Tityra_semifasciata 0 79.30 1.95 Endocast Tyrannidae Todirostrum_cinereum 0 6.40 0.32 Endocast Tyrannidae Tolmomyias_sulphurescens 0 14.90 0.53 Endocast Tyrannidae Tyrannus_savanna 4 28.60 0.76 Published Tyrannidae Tyrannus_tyrannus 4 39.50 0.98 Published Tyrannidae Xolmis_irupero 0 29.80 0.85 Published Tyrannidae Xolmis_pyrope 1 42.80 1.33 Endocast Vireonidae Cyclarhis_gujanensis 0 28.80 1.31 Endocast Vireonidae Vireo_altiloquus 4 19.50 0.78 Endocast Vireonidae Vireo_olivaceus 4 20.30 0.63 Published Vireonidae Vireo_philadelphicus 4 12.20 0.48 Published Zosteropidae Zosterops_japonicus 0 10.20 0.56 Endocast Zosteropidae Zosterops_lateralis 1 10.6 0.49 Endocast